Georgian Grammar Part 2: Noun Suffixes, Verbal & Personal Prefixes, Motion & Medial Verbs

Noun Suffixes

As you know, Georgian nouns have cases. However, along with the cases, you also have suffixes which govern certain cases. The suffixes which indicate location have already been covered, but we’ll cover them more in depth here.

ში – in/into This suffix primarily means in or into. It governs the dative case, so if an adjective has to be in agreement for the dative case, this suffix indicates the locative or dative case.

Examples:

▸ მე რუსულ სახლში შევდივარ. I am going into (entering) the Russian House.

▸ ყველა ავეჯი რუსულ სახლში ლამაზია. All the furniture in the Russian House is beautiful.

Notice how the adjective takes on the dative agreement in both sentences. One shows the noun ▸ რუსული სახლი – the Russian House in the direct object where the subject is entering/going into, and the second indicates a location or preposition …in the Russian House.

ზე – on/onto, about This suffix is similar to the above mentioned suffix. It also governs the dative or locative cases. If it indicates location, then it is the locative case, if it is motion to an object or in a context of a conversation about an object, then it is in the dative case.

Examples:

▸ არწივმა ქლდაზე ჩამოფრინდა. The eagle landed on the cliff.

▸ მგელი თავის საჩმელს ქლდაზე ბატონობს. The wolf is defending its food on the cliff.

▸ მე დაგილაპარაკებ ცეცხლზე. I will talk to you about the fire.

The suffix ზე can also be used similar to the term like, as in someone looks like someone else or something looks like something else.

▸ შოთა თავის მამაზე გავს. Shota looks like his father.

დან is a suffix of a noun and governs the genitive case. This suffix denotes coming from somewhere or someone. This suffix is used when someone comes from a place, typically home, school, a city or town, country, etc.

Examples:

▸ ნათიამ სოფლიდან მოვიდა. Natia came from the village.

▸ ჩემი სტუმარი არის რუსეთიდან. My guest is from Russia.

▸ ეს წიგნი სკოლიდან მოვითანე. I brought the book from school.

გან is also a suffix which governs the genitive case. Typically there is a difference between დან andგან. Where the suffix დან (from) was covered above, the suffix გან means out of. Basically, this suffix is used when you have taken away something or stolen something from someone or something.

Examples:

▸ ქურდები ფულს ბანკიგან ქურდობენ. The thieves steal the money from the bank.

▸ მე გათეხილი შუშას ბავშვიგან წამოვიღე. I took the piece of broken glass from the child.

Note, that in conversational Georgian the two prefixes can be used interchangeably. The suffix დან is more often used than გან in many parts of Georgia.

თან is a suffix which can mean with and can also mean to come to someone or to be with someone. Typically, this suffix governs the dative case. It is often used with personal pronouns and with people. It can also be used to describe being with animals, such as pets or domesticated animals in a yard.

Examples:

▸ წამო ჩემთან. Come with me.

▸ ჩამოდი ჩვენთან სტუმრად. Come visit us.

▸ ზურა ნინოსთან წადის. Zura is going out with Nino.

▸ ნათელა ქათმებთან არის. Natela is with the chickens.

Note that some of the examples show tenses we haven’t covered yet. However, I hope you get the picture and see how the suffixes are used.

Conjugation of verbs ending in ება

In Georgian, there are three sets of words which are regular. The first of this group is the largest, and it’s very easy to conjugate in the present subjunctive. The other two groups which will be covered later include verbs ending in ობა and ვა. The conjugation of the future subjunctive is conjugated in the table below.

The verb ▸ გაკეთება – to do, to make

	Singular		Plural
1st person	მე	▸ ვაკეთებ	ჩვენ	▸ ვაკეთებთ
2nd person (informal)	შენ	▸ აკეთებ	თქვენ	▸ აკეთებთ
2nd person (formal)	თქვენ	▸ აკეთებთ	თქვენ	▸ ებთკეთებთ
3rd person	ეგ, ეს	▸ აკეთებს	იგინი, ისინი	▸ აკეთებენ

Note that this verb is the main verb for to do something. Often used in Georgian as we would use in the context of doing something, making something.

Examples:

▸ რას აკეთებ? What are you doing? What are you making?

▸ ვანო შინაურ დავალებას აკეთებს. Johny is doing his homework.

▸ ბესო სახლს აშენებს. Beso is building a house.

▸ მე ნიკას ჩემი მანქანას ვაჩვენებ. I am showing Nick my car.

You can see that in the example I’ve added other verbs which have the same conjugation, in order to illustrate how they all conjugate the same way.

Conjugation of verbs ending in ობა

Verbs ending in ობა are conjugated much like the verbs ending in ება with the similar endings and prefixes. The only thing that changes is the vowel of the ending.

	Singular		Plural
1st person	მე	▸ ვათბობ	ჩვენ	▸ ვათბობთ
2nd person (informal)	შენ	▸ ათბობ	თქვენ	▸ ათბობთ
2nd person (formal)	თქვენ	▸ ათბობთ	თქვენ	▸ ათბობთ
3rd person	ეგ, ეს	▸ ათბობს	იგინი, ისინი	▸ ათბობენ

Note, the verb conjugated above means to warm. In the examples below, you will see different verbs which are conjugated the same way.

▸ ეს ამერიკელი ქართულად კარგად ლაპარაკობს. This American speaks Georgian very well.*

▸ ქურდები ყოველთის ქურდობენ. The thieves are always stealing.

▸ რას ამბობ? What are you saying?

▸ ჩემი ძაღლი ბატონობს. My dog is ruling his territory.

*The verb ▸ ლაპარაკი (to speak) is a medial verb which has an irregular ending. In the present subjunctive, it is conjugated like any other verb ending in ობა.

Conjugation of verbs ending in ვა.

The third group of verbs which have some regularity are verbs which end in ვა. These verbs can be a bit tricky at first, but once you get the hang of it, they’re actually quite simple. They are a bit different from the two verbs conjugated above. The ending of verbs ending in ვა in the infinitive will reverse itself and become ავ. Below is the conjugation of the verb ▸ კლვა – to kill.

	Singular		Plural
1st person	მე	▸ ვკლავ	ჩვენ	▸ ვკლავთ
2nd person (informal)	შენ	▸ კლავ	თქვენ	▸ კლავთ
2nd person (formal)	თქვენ	▸ კლავთ	თქვენ	▸ კლავთ
3rd person	ეგ, ეს	▸ კლავს	იგინი, ისინი	▸ კლავენ

With this group of verbs, the ending inverts itself when it is conjugated in the present and future tenses along with the conditional tenses.

Examples:

▸ მოწევა კლავს! Smoking kills! (a warning which frequently appears on cigarette ads and packs in Georgia)

▸ მიშა კარგად ცურავს. Misha swims well.

▸ დიდ ბრიტანეთის დედოფალი მეფობს, მაგრამ არ მარავს. The Queen of England sits on the throne, but she doesn’t rule.

▸ როგორც პოლიციელი, მე საზოგადოებას დავცავ. As a police officer, I protect society.

Verbal Prefixes and Personal Prefixes

Georgian verbs can be confusing because many verbs can have a series of different prefixes – and when you change the prefix, you can change the entire meaning of the verb. In the simple present subjunctive, prefixes are rarely used. However, they are used in the future subjunctive as well as in the conditional and aorist tenses.

Personal prefixes are added to the verbs in the future and aorist tenses in order to indicate both direct object or indirect object of the personal pronoun which is the subject of the sentence. This simplifies the sentence structure and makes it less wordy. We will start with these first, then the verbal prefixes before the future subjunctive.

Personal Prefixes

	Singular		Plural
1st person	მე	მ –	ჩვენ	გვ -…- თ
2nd person (informal)	შენ	გ –	თქვენ	გ -…- თ
2nd person (formal)	თქვენ	გ -…- თ	თქვენ	გ -…- თ
3rd person	ეგ, ეს	ჰ -, უ –	იგინი, ისინი	ჰ -, უ -…- ენ

As you notice in the table above, some of the prefixes govern a suffix. This suffix is the ending in the plural conjugation. Remember that ▸ თქვენ can be either singular formal for the second person or both informal and formal in the plural. When ▸ თქვენ is used in the singular formal or in the formal and informal plural, it always takes the verb in the second person plural conjugation. The only difference is with the ▸ ყოფნა verbs which can mean to be or the motion verbs where the formal singular would be ბრძანდებით.

Verbal prefixes can be very confusing. However, if you think back of when we studied the motion verbs ending in სვლა, you can get a slight idea – although, depending on the verb, the prefix can have a different meaning. When a verb appears in the infinitive form in the dictionary, it will have the prefix with it which is commonly used in the future, conditional, and aorist tenses. With that said, however, the prefixes can change the meaning of the verb, like the motion verbs. The motion verbs are among the few verbs which use the prefixes in the present tense.

The Motion Verbs Future Tense

	Singular		Plural
1st person	მე	▸ მივალ	ჩვენ	▸ მივალთ
2nd person (informal)	შენ	▸ მიხვალ	თქვენ	▸ მიხვალთ
2nd person (formal)	თქვენ	▸ მიხვალთ	თქვენ	▸ მიხვალთ
3rd person	ეგ, ეს	▸ მივა	იგინი, ისინი	▸ მივლენ

Note this is the conjugation for ▸ მისვლა, to go. You can change the prefixes to change the meaning of the verb.

Examples:

▸ როდის ჩამოხვალ? When are you coming?

▸ როცა სამგორში მიხვალ, სუნელები მომითანე. When you go to Samgori, bring me some spices.

▸ როდის ფული მოვა? When will the money come? (Note, in Georgian ▸ ფული, money, is always in the singular)

▸ როცა წახვალ, მიხიდი პურს და კადას. When you go out, buy me some bread and kada.*

In the examples above, you can see how the verbal prefixes and the personal prefixes work. In the tables below, you will see how to conjugate the verb ▸ წერა or to write in both the present and future tenses.

The Present Subjunctive and Future Subjunctive of ▸ წერა – to write

The Present Subjunctive

	Singular		Plural
1st person	მე	▸ ვწერ	ჩვენ	▸ ვწერთ
2nd person (informal)	შენ	▸ წერ	თქვენ	▸ წერთ
2nd person (formal)	თქვენ	▸ წერთ	თქვენ	▸ წერთ
3rd person	ეგ, ეს	▸ წერს	იგინი, ისინი	▸ წერენ

The Future Subjunctive

	Singular		Plural
1st person	მე	▸ დავწერ	ჩვენ	▸ დავწერთ
2nd person (informal)	შენ	▸ დაწერ	თქვენ	▸ დაწერთ
2nd person (formal)	თქვენ	▸ დაწერთ	თქვენ	▸ დაწერთ
3rd person	ეგ, ეს	▸ დაწერს	იგინი, ისინი	▸ დაწერენ

Here you can see how the verbal prefixes can change the meaning of a verb. We write for many things – our signatures, papers – and sometimes, the verb ▸ წერა can also mean to record a song,to write something on a computer disk or to write something down. In this case, if the prefix changes, then it will be used in both the present and future subjunctive. All those different prefixes are used with the verb ▸ წერა. Note that the prefix და is used as the basic future and past tense of ▸ წერა. Other verbs will have different prefixes for the future and aorist tenses.

• მო – When added to ▸ წერა, the meaning changes to sign. ▸ მოწერა
• ჩა – When added to ▸ წერა, the meaning changes to write down. ▸ ჩაწერა

Examples:

▸ მე ხათუნას ოტკრიტკას დავწერ. I will write Khatuna a postcard.

▸ შენი სახელს აქ მოწერ თუ კრედიტებს წამოიღებ. You will sign here if you want to get the loan.

▸ ახლა ჩემი კომპიუტერი ვინჩესტერზე ფილმს ჩაწერს. Now, my computer is recording the movie onto the hard-drive.

First person and personal prefixes always appear between the verbal prefix and the root of the verb. After the first person prefix ვ or the personal prefixes, you can add ა before the root of წერა to signify and emphasize signing a document. Here are some examples:

▸ როცა საბუთებს ხელ მოვაწერ, მაშინ სახლი იქნება ჩემი. When I sign the document, then the house will be mine.

▸ როცა ჩიკაგოში ჩამოვალ, მე ოტკრიტკას დაგწერ. When I arrive in Chicago, I will write you a postcard.

▸ როცა ნანა თბილიში ჩამოვა, დაგვწერს. When Nana arrives in Tbilisi, she will write us.

In the above examples, you can see how the personal prefixes indicate the indirect and direct object of the first and second person in a sentence.

The Future Subjunctive of ყოფნა – to be

	Singular		Plural
1st person	მე	▸ ვიქნები	ჩვენ	▸ ვიქნებით
2nd person (informal)	შენ	▸იქნები	თქვენ	▸ იქნებით
2nd person (formal)	თქვენ	▸ იქნებით	თქვენ	▸ იქნებით
3rd person	ეგ, ეს	▸ იქნება	იგინი, ისინი	▸ იქნებენ

Note that the verb ▸ ყოფნა or to be does not have any prefixes like other verbs do. In the chart above, these conjugations translate into English as will, such as I will, you will, he will, etc. Note that in Georgian, the future of to be does not govern the future tense of verbs. That’s what the verbal prefixes do. Instead, it is more like will be.

Examples:

▸ ხვაკე ვანო თბილისში იქნება. Tomorrow, Johny will be in Tbilisi.

▸ ხუთშაბათს, შენ ჩემთან სუფრაზე იქნები. You will be with me at the supra on Thursday.

▸ კვირას სად იქნები? Where will you be on Sunday?

▸ თამუნა და მაკა როდის ბათუმში იქნებენ? When will Tamuna and Maka be in Batumi?

Possessive Pronouns

Possessive pronouns are the possessive articles of the personal pronouns, which in English would be my, mine, your, yours, his, hers, etc. See the table below to see the possessive articles in Georgian.

Singular		Plural
My, Mine	▸ ჩემი	Our, Ours	▸ ჩვემი
Your, Yours (informal)	▸ შენი	Your, Yours (pl, informal)	▸ თქვენი
Your, Yours (formal)	▸ თქვენი	Your, Yours (pl, formal)	▸ თქვენი
His, Hers, Its	▸ მაგი	Their, Theirs	▸ მათი

In Georgian, there is no difference in my or mine, your or yours, her or hers, etc. See the examples below.

▸ შენი კედები მიმზიდველია. Your sneakers are cute.

▸ ეს შენი მანქანაა? Is this your car?

▸ აი, ეგ არის ჩემი სახლი. There is my house.

▸ სად თამუნა და მაკა სკოლაში დადიან? Where do Tamuna and Maka go to school?

▸ აი, ეს შენობა, ეგ არის მათი სკოლა. See, that building there, that’s their school.

▸ ზურა მთვრალად მანქანას აიარა, იმიტომ პოლიციამ მაგის ტარების უფლება წამოიღეს. Zura was driving drunk, thus the police took away his driver’s license.

The Future Subjunctive of ▸ კლვა – to kill

	Singular		Plural
1st person	მე	▸ მოვკლავ	ჩვენ	▸ მოვკლავთ
2nd person (informal)	შენ	▸ მოკლავ	თქვენ	▸ მოკლავთ
2nd person (formal)	თქვენ	▸ მოკლავთ	თქვენ	▸ მოკლავთ
3rd person	ეგ, ეს	▸ მოკლავს	იგინი, ისინი	▸ მოკლავენ

We use the verb ▸ მოკლვა or to kill for all verbs ending in ვა because it has many prefixes to change its meaning. The prefix მო is the infinitive prefix which denotes the future and aorist tenses for the simple verb to kill, though other verbs with this ending may have different infinitive prefixes. Note that when you use the present subjunctive with the other prefixes, you have to use the prefix as it changes the meaning and the context of the verb.

▸ ავარიაში ვიყავი, მამა ჩემი მომკლავს. I was in a car accident.

Different Prefixes and How they Change the Context

და – This prefix changes the verb to kill into to slaughter. Basically, this denotes the slaughtering of a farm animal and preparing it for eating.

Examples:

▸ დღეს საღამოს, ნათელა ქათამს დაკლავს სუფრისთვის. Tonight, Natela will slaughter a chicken for dinner.

▸ შობას, ჩვენ ღორს დავკლავთ და მწვადებს შევწვართ. On Christmas we will slaughter a pig and grill mtsvadi*

The verb ▸ შეკრვა – to tie, to tie up

Like ▸ კლვა, this verb also has prefixes which denote a different type of binding or physical bonding. Conjugated exactly like ▸ მოკლვა the primary prefix is შე- and not მო-.

Examples:

▸ ჩემი ბოტასების შნურებს შევკრავ. I need to tie my running shoes.

▸ ზურა და გიგი ვანოს შეკრავენ ჰუმრობის გამო. Zura and Gigi are tying Johny up as a joke.

▸ ნაძვის ხეს მანქანაზე შევკრავთ. We are tying the Christmas tree to the top of the car.

გა- completely changes the verb’s context and then the verb root კრვა no longer means to tie or to bind, but rather to bond, as a cement, mortar, or glue.

Example:

▸ ცემენტი აგურებს და ბეტონის ბლოკებს გაკრავს . The mortar will bond to the bricks and cinderblocks.

The Future Subjunctive of ▸ გაკეთება – to do, to make

Basically, ▸ გაკეთება is in the first group of regular verbs. These verbs end in -ება, and are relatively easy to conjugate. The future subjunctive is just like the present tense, but with the prefix added to it. See table below.

	Singular		Plural
1st person	მე	▸ გავაკეთებ	ჩვენ	▸ გავაკეთებთ
2nd person (informal)	შენ	▸ გააკეთებ	თქვენ	▸ გააკეთებთ
2nd person (formal)	თქვენ	▸ გააკეთებთ	თქვენ	▸ გააკეთებთ
3rd person	ეგ, ეს	▸ გააკეთებს	იგინი, ისინი	▸ გააკეთებენ

Note that in the above table, the future subjunctive has the prefix added to it along with the personal prefix placed between the verbal prefix and the root of the verb. Likewise, the endings don’t differ. This group of verbs is very important because a group of irregular verbs known as medial verbs use this group of conjugation in the future and aorist tenses.

Examples:

▸ როდის საქმეს გააკეთებ? When will you do the business?

▸ ჩვენ ხვალ სახლს გავაშენებთ. We will build our house tomorrow.

You get the picture. Note that just like the third group which ends in -ვა, verbs in this group change their primary prefix depending on the verb.

The Future Subjunctive of the Verb ▸ გათბობა – to warm, to heat

	Singular		Plural
1st person	მე	▸ გავათბობ	ჩვენ	▸ გავათბობთ
2nd person (informal)	შენ	▸ გაათბობ	თქვენ	▸ გაათბობთ
2nd person (formal)	თქვენ	▸ გაათბობთ	თქვენ	▸ გაათბობთ
3rd person	ეგ, ეს	▸ გაათბობს	იგინი, ისინი	▸ გაათბობენ

Note that most of verbs with the -ობა ending are in the medial category, which we will be covering at the end of this chapter. However, this group does have some regular verbs with prefixes just like the other two groups. Some other verbs in this group, such as the verb ▸ მეფობა or to reign does not have a future tense. The future tense is understood in the present tense form. See the examples below.

▸ ვაიმე , ხვალე ითოვლებს, მაინც შეშებს მაქვს და სახლს გავათბობ. Oh, my! It will snow tomorrow! Well, at least I have fire wood and I can heat the house.

▸ თქენ სახლს შეშით გაათბობთ როცა აცივდება? არა, გაზით გავათბობთ. Do you heat your house with fire wood when it gets cold? No, we heat our house with gas.

Note that the future subjunctive can also be used in a repetitive fashion as in the two examples above. For example, the second sentence above could be said in the summer, but the people heat their house when it gets cold. The subjunctive tense is more abstract. To denote a more exact time in the future tense, the future perfect is used. This will be covered later.

The Conditional Tense

The conditional tense in Georgian is very easy. The conditional tense is basically like English I would, I could, you would, you could, etc. In Georgian, the conditional tense is very simple. Simply use the future subjunctive conjugation as shown in the different tables above and add the suffix-დი in the first and second persons, and -და in the first person singular to create the conditional tense. For formal singular in the second person and for the first and second person plural, the suffix is -დით. Endings do not change in the conditional tense, they just acquire the suffix. The only exception is the verbs ▸ ყოფნა, to be and ▸ სვლა, to go. These will be covered in the next chapter when we cover the Aorist tense.

Examples:

▸ მანიაკი მომკლავდა, მაგრამ მე ჯოხი მქონდა. The psycho could have killed me, but I had a stick.

▸ დაგწერდი, მაგრამ ოტკრიტკა ვერ ვიფოვე. I would have written you, but I could not find a postcard.

Medial Verbs

Medial verbs are a large group of irregular verbs. This is a very confusing class of verbs, because their present tense can be different from verb to verb. Some medial verbs will have a ყოფნა ending in the present tense, like the verbs of ▸ სვლა or to go, whereas others can have endings like წერა. Likewise, as mentioned above, a large majority of medial verbs have the -ობა ending. The future and aorist tenses of medial verbs are more simple, because they take the prefix ი- -ება in the future subjunctive and aorist tense. Basically, all medial verbs are conjugated like the first group of verbs ending in -ება do, just add the ი at the root of the verb.

Some medial verbs will have different prefixes which can be added to change the context.

The Present Subjunctive of ▸ ტირი – to cry, to sob

	Singular		Plural
1st person	მე	▸ ვტირივარ	ჩვენ	▸ ვტირივართ
2nd person (informal)	შენ	▸ ტირიხარ	თქვენ	▸ ტირიხართ
2nd person (formal)	თქვენ	▸ ტირიბრძანდებით	თქვენ	▸ ტირიხართ
3rd person	ეს, ეგ	▸ ტირის	იგინი, ისინი	▸ ტირიან

Notice that the verb ▸ ტირი or to cry uses the ყოფნა ending in the present tense.

The Future Subjunctive of ▸ ტირი – to cry, to sob

	Singular		Plural
1st person	მე	▸ ვიტირებ	ჩვენ	▸ ვიტირებთ
2nd person (informal)	შენ	▸ იტირებ	თქვენ	▸ იტირებთ
2nd person (formal)	თქვენ	▸ იტირებთ	თქვენ	▸ იტირებთ
3rd person	ეგ, ეს	▸ იტირებს	იგინი, ისინი	▸ იტირებენ

Notice the difference between the present and the future subjunctive. When you know that a verb is medial, the future subjunctive and aorist tenses will be the same, regardless of how it is conjugated in the present subjunctive tense.

The Present Subjunctive of ▸ ლაპარაკი – to talk, to speak

	Singular		Plural
1st person	მე	▸ ვლაპარაკობ	ჩვენ	▸ ვლაპარაკობთ
2nd person (informal)	შენ	▸ ლაპარაკობ	თქვენ	▸ ლაპარაკობთ
2nd person (formal)	თქვენ	▸ ლაპარაკობთ	თქვენ	▸ ლაპარაკობთ
3rd person	ეგ, ეს	▸ ლაპარაკობს	იგინი, ისინი	▸ ლაპარაკობენ

In this medial verb, notice what happens in the present subjunctive. Though the infinitive ends in ი the present subjunctive takes on the same ending as that of the second group of Georgian verbs, which end in ობ. The future tense is just like that of ▸ ტირი, thus we don’t need to show tables for the future subjunctive of the rest of the medial verbs. All medial verbs have the same conjugation for the future subjunctive as ▸ ტირი.

Things you need to know about the verb ▸ ლაპარაკი:

Despite the fact this is a medial verb, it does have a couple of verbal prefixes which change the context.

• მო- is a prefix which can be added to ▸ ლაპარაკი to express an agreement in an oral business deal or some other agreement between two people. The prefix is placed before the personal prefix and the ი when conjugated.
• და- is a prefix which can be added to denote the context of talking to someone. Like in the previous verbal prefix above, it is placed in the same position in the verbal construction. See examples below.

▸ ეს ამერიკელი ძალიან კარგად ქართულად ლაპარაკობს. This American speaks Georgian very well.

▸ შენ ინგლისურად ლაპარაკობ? Do you speak English?

▸ მე ქართულად, რუსულად, ინგლისურად, და ფრანგულად ვლაპარაკობ. I speak Georgian, Russian, English, and French.

▸ არა მწალია. ერთ საათში დაგილაპარაკებ. I’m busy right now. I’ll talk to you in an hour.

▸ ნიკა თამინასთან დაილაპარაკებს. Nika will talk to Tamuna.

▸ ხათუნასთან საქმეს მოვილაპარაკებ. I will have a talk with Khatuna about business.

▸ ნიკა ზურასთან თანხაზე მოილაპარაკებს. Nika will have a talk with Zura about the amount to be paid.

Notice how the prefixes can change the context. Most dictionaries will have an indicator which will show a verb to be a medial verb. There are many medial verbs in Georgian, so you really need to look at the infinitive to realize whether the verb is medial or not.

The Verb ▸ ჯდომა – to sit

This verb is not medial, but it is irregular and in the present subjunctive it does take the ყოფნა ending.

Present Subjunctive

	Singular		Plural
1st person	მე	▸ ვზივარ	ჩვენ	▸ ვზივართ
2nd person (informal)	შენ	▸ ზიხარ	თქვენ	▸ ზიხართ
2nd person (formal)	თქვენ	▸ ზიბრძანდებით	თქვენ	▸ ზიხართ
3rd person	ეგ, ეს	▸ ზის	იგინი, ისინი	▸ სხედან

Future Subjunctive

	Singular		Plural
1st person	მე	▸ ვიზივარ	ჩვენ	▸ ვიზივართ
2nd person (informal)	შენ	▸ იზიხარ	თქვენ	▸ იზიხართ
2nd person (formal)	თქვენ	▸ იზიბრძანდებით	თქვენ	▸ სხედანიზიხართ
3rd person	ეგ, ეს	▸ იჯეკა	იგინი, ისინი	▸ იჯეკიან

You can see that this is an irregular verb. In the aorist it gets even more confusing, so we will cover all the past tenses in the next chapter.

Examples:

▸ ჩვენ ყოველთვის ამ კედლზე ვზივართ. We always sit on that wall.

▸ მე და დათო ახლობლები ვართ და სამსახურში სადილოს ერთად ვიზვართ. Dato and I are close friends, and at work we always sit at the same table during lunch.

▸ გივი და მაკა ერთად ნავში სხედან. Givi and Maka are sitting on the bench together.

▸ ეს მოხუცი ქალი ცუდად არის და ყოველთვის სახლში ზის. This old lady is ill and is always at home.*

▸ როცა ჩვენ გავაჩერებთ, ჩვენ მანქანასკენ ვიზივართ. When we stop to eat, we will sit near the car.

▸ როცა თვითფრინავში შევალ, მე ფანჯარასკენ ვიზივარ. When I board the plane, I will sit by the window.

Be sure to review everything in this chapter before you continue on to Part Three. The aorist tense can be more complicated and you also will have to review the cases and understand the correlation with the ergative case and the aorist tense. This will be covered in greater detail in Part Three.